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Section 5: Get to know more about Linux security features and file permissions
For the last domain, we have the fundamental Linux security aspects and some tools for file permissions. It's a must to have detailed learning on different user types (root, standard, and system). Likewise, you need to harness your abilities in creating user IDs and even group commands on the Linux System. To complete your skillset, be sure to practice administering file permissions, managing ownership, handling special directories, and dealing with symbolic links.
NEW QUESTION # 46
What is the UID of the user root?
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. 3
- E. 4
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
NEW QUESTION # 47
Which of the following characters in a shell prompt indicates the shell is running with root privileges?
- A. #
- B. &
- C. $
- D. !
- E. *
Answer: A
Explanation:
The shell prompt is a symbol or a string of characters that indicates the shell is ready to accept commands. The shell prompt can be customized by the user or by the system administrator. The default shell prompt for a normal user is usually a dollar sign ($), while the default shell prompt for the root user is usually a hash sign (#). The root user is the superuser or the administrator of the system, who has full access and control over all files, commands, and resources. Running commands as root can be dangerous, as it can cause irreversible damage to the system if done incorrectly. Therefore, it is advisable to use sudo or su to run commands as root only when necessary, and to switch back to a normal user as soon as possible. The shell prompt indicates the shell is running with root privileges when it ends with a hash sign (#). Reference:
Linux Essentials - Linux Professional Institute (LPI)
Running a shell command as root - Unix & Linux Stack Exchange
NEW QUESTION # 48
A directory contains the following three files:
texts 1.txt
texts 2.txt
texts 3.csv
Which command copies the two files ending in .txt to the /tmp/ directory?
- A. cp ??.txt /tmp/
- B. cp $?.txt /tmp/
- C. cp. \.txt /tmp/
- D. cp ?.txt /tmp/
- E. cp *.txt /tmp/
Answer: E
Explanation:
The correct command to copy the two files ending in .txt to the /tmp/ directory is cp *.txt /tmp/. This command uses the wildcard character * to match any number of characters before the .txt extension. Therefore, it will copy both texts 1.txt and texts 2.txt to the destination directory /tmp/. The other options are incorrect because they use different wildcard characters or syntax that do not match the desired files. For example, option A uses ?? to match exactly two characters before the .txt extension, but the files have a space and a number, which are not considered as one character. Option C uses a backslash \ to escape the dot . before the .txt extension, but this is unnecessary and will cause the command to fail. Option D uses ? to match exactly one character before the .txt extension, but the files have more than one character. Option E uses $? to match the exit status of the previous command before the .txt extension, but this is not relevant and will cause the command to fail123 Reference: 1: Linux wildcards | How do wildcards work in Linux with examples? - EDUCBA 2: Wildcards in Linux explained with 10 examples | FOSS Linux 3: What are wildcard characters in Linux? - Sage-Answers
NEW QUESTION # 49
Which command copies the contents of the directory /etc/, including all sub-directories, to /root/?
- A. copy /etc /root
- B. cp -v /etc/* /root
- C. cp -r /etc/* /root
- D. cp -R /etc/*.* /root
- E. rcp /etc/* /root
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
The correct command to copy the contents of the directory /etc/, including all sub-directories, to /root/ is cp -r
/etc/* /root. This command uses the cp command, which stands for copy, and is used to copy files and directories on Linux and Unix systems. The command also uses the following options and arguments123:
* The -r option, which stands for recursive, and tells cp to copy all files and sub-directories of the source directory. Alternatively, the -R option can be used, which has the same effect as -r.
* The /etc/* argument, which specifies the source directory and all its contents. The asterisk (*) is a wildcard character that matches any file or directory name. This argument tells cp to copy everything inside the /etc/ directory, but not the directory itself.
* The /root argument, which specifies the destination directory. This argument tells cp to copy the source files and sub-directories to the /root/ directory.
The other options are incorrect because they use different commands or syntax that do not copy the contents of the directory /etc/, including all sub-directories, to /root/. For example:
* Option A uses the copy command, which is not a valid Linux command. The correct command is cp.
* Option C uses the -v option, which stands for verbose, and tells cp to print verbose output. This option does not affect the copying process, but only the output. It also does not include the -r or -R option, which is necessary to copy the sub-directories.
* Option D uses the rcp command, which stands for remote copy, and is used to copy files between different hosts on a network. This command is not relevant for copying files on the same host.
* Option E uses the -R option, which is correct, but also uses the . argument, which is incorrect. The dot (.) is a special character that matches any single character. This argument tells cp to copy only the files and directories that have a dot in their name, which may exclude some files and directories that do not have a dot.
References: 1: Cp Command in Linux (Copy Files) | Linuxize 2: cp command in Linux with examples - GeeksforGeeks 3: How to Copy Files and Directories in the Linux Terminal
NEW QUESTION # 50
What is the UID of the user root?
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. 3
- E. 4
Answer: A
Explanation:
The UID of the user root is always 0 on Linux systems. This is because the kernel uses the UID 0 to check for the superuser privileges and grant access to all system resources. The name of the user account with UID 0 is usually root, but it can be changed or have aliases. However, some applications may expect the name root and not work properly with a different name. The UID 0 is reserved for the root user and cannot be assigned to any other user. The UID 0 is stored in the /etc/passwd file along with other user information. Reference:
Linux Essentials Topic 104: The Linux Operating System, section 104.4: Runlevels and Boot Targets.
Linux Essentials Topic 106: Security and File Permissions, section 106.1: Basic security and identifying user types.
Linux Essentials Topic 106: Security and File Permissions, section 106.2: Creating users and groups.
NEW QUESTION # 51
Which of the following commands can be used to resolve a DNS name to an IP address?
- A. query
- B. dns
- C. iplookup
- D. host
- E. dnsname
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
The host command is used to resolve a DNS name to an IP address or vice versa. It can also perform other DNS queries, such as finding the mail servers for a domain. The host command has the following syntax: host
[options] [name] [server]. The name argument can be a hostname, such as www.lpi.org, or an IP address, such as 192.168.0.1. The server argument is optional and specifies the name or IP address of the DNS server to query. If no server is given, the default system resolver is used. References:
* Linux Essentials Version 1.6 Objectives: 1.4.1. Demonstrate an understanding of the purpose and types of DNS records1
* Linux Essentials Version 1.6 Exam Study Resources: Linux Essentials Manual - Chapter 10. Network Fundamentals - 10.3. DNS and Hostname Resolution - 10.3.1. The host Command2
* Linux Essentials Version 1.6 Exam Study Resources: Linux Essentials Manual - Appendix A. Answers to the Exercises - Chapter 10. Network Fundamentals - 10.3. DNS and Hostname Resolution - Exercise
10.3.12
NEW QUESTION # 52
Which of the following programs is a graphical editor for vector graphics?
- A. Samba
- B. Inkscape
- C. Python
- D. NGINX
- E. MySQL
Answer: B
Explanation:
A vector graphics editor is a software program that allows users to create and edit vector graphics, which are images composed of mathematical curves and shapes. Vector graphics are scalable, meaning they can be resized without losing quality or clarity. Python, NGINX, Samba, and MySQL are not vector graphics editors, but rather other types of software. Python is a programming language, NGINX is a web server, Samba is a file and print server, and MySQL is a database management system. Inkscape is a free and open source vector graphics editor that supports the SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) format, as well as other formats. Inkscape can be used to create logos, icons, diagrams, illustrations, and other graphics. Inkscape is one of the applications covered in the Linux Essentials certification program from the Linux Professional Institute (LPI). Reference:
Linux Essentials - Linux Professional Institute (LPI)
Draw Freely | Inkscape
NEW QUESTION # 53
Reverse DNS assigns hostnames to IP addresses. How is the name of the IP address 198.51.100.165 stored on a DNS server?
- A. In the PTR record for 165.100.51.198.in-addr.arpA.
- B. In the REV record for arpA.in-addr.198.51.100.165.
- C. In the ARPA record for 165.100.51.198.rev.
- D. In the A record for 165.100.51.198.ipv4.arpA.
- E. In the RNAME record for 198-51-100-165.rev.arpA.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Reverse DNS lookups query DNS servers for a PTR (pointer) record; if the server does not have a PTR record, it cannot resolve a reverse lookup. PTR records store IP addresses with their segments reversed, and they append ".in-addr.arpa" to that. For example, if a domain has an IP address of 192.0.2.1, the PTR record will store the domain's information under 1.2.0.192.in-addr.arpa. In IPv6, the latest version of the Internet Protocol, PTR records are stored within the ".ip6.arpa" domain instead of ".in-addr.arpa."1 Therefore, the name of the IP address 198.51.100.165 is stored in the PTR record for 165.100.51.198.in-addr.arpa. Reference: 1: Reverse DNS lookup - Wikipedia 1
NEW QUESTION # 54
Which command copies the contents of the directory /etc/, including all sub-directories, to /root/?
- A. copy /etc /root
- B. cp -v /etc/* /root
- C. cp -r /etc/* /root
- D. cp -R /etc/*.* /root
- E. rcp /etc/* /root
Answer: C
Explanation:
The correct command to copy the contents of the directory /etc/, including all sub-directories, to /root/ is cp -r /etc/* /root. This command uses the cp command, which stands for copy, and is used to copy files and directories on Linux and Unix systems. The command also uses the following options and arguments123:
The -r option, which stands for recursive, and tells cp to copy all files and sub-directories of the source directory. Alternatively, the -R option can be used, which has the same effect as -r.
The /etc/* argument, which specifies the source directory and all its contents. The asterisk (*) is a wildcard character that matches any file or directory name. This argument tells cp to copy everything inside the /etc/ directory, but not the directory itself.
The /root argument, which specifies the destination directory. This argument tells cp to copy the source files and sub-directories to the /root/ directory.
The other options are incorrect because they use different commands or syntax that do not copy the contents of the directory /etc/, including all sub-directories, to /root/. For example:
Option A uses the copy command, which is not a valid Linux command. The correct command is cp.
Option C uses the -v option, which stands for verbose, and tells cp to print verbose output. This option does not affect the copying process, but only the output. It also does not include the -r or -R option, which is necessary to copy the sub-directories.
Option D uses the rcp command, which stands for remote copy, and is used to copy files between different hosts on a network. This command is not relevant for copying files on the same host.
Option E uses the -R option, which is correct, but also uses the . argument, which is incorrect. The dot (.) is a special character that matches any single character. This argument tells cp to copy only the files and directories that have a dot in their name, which may exclude some files and directories that do not have a dot.
NEW QUESTION # 55
Which of the following outputs could stem from the command last?
- A. 1 lsB.2 cat text.txt
3 logout
Password for user last changed at Sat Mar 31 16:38:57 EST 2018 - B. Last login: Fri Mar 23 10:56:39 2018 from server.example.com
- C. root tty2 Wed May 17 21:11 - 21:11 (00:00)
- D. EXT4-fs (dm-7): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null)
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 56
Where is the operating system of a Raspberry Pi stored?
- A. On a Linux extension module connected to the Raspberry Pi's GPIO pins.
- B. On rewritable flash storage which is built into the Raspberry Pi.
- C. On a read only partition on the Raspberry Pi's firmware, next to the BIOS.
- D. On a removable SD card which is put into the Raspberry Pi.
- E. On the master device attached to the Raspberry Pi's IDE bus.
Answer: D
Explanation:
The Raspberry Pi uses an SD card (or microSD card for newer models) as its main storage device. This means that the operating system and any other files are stored on the SD card, which can be easily inserted or removed from the Raspberry Pi. The SD card also allows the user to switch between different operating systems by using different cards or partitions. The Raspberry Pi does not have any internal storage, such as a hard disk drive or a solid state drive, nor does it use any external devices, such as an IDE bus, a firmware partition, or a GPIO module, to store the operating system. Reference:
Raspberry Pi OS - Raspberry Pi
Choosing Storage for Raspberry Pi - Kingston Technology
Beginner's Guide: How To Install a New OS on Raspberry Pi
NEW QUESTION # 57
Which of the following statements are true regarding a typical shell script? (Choose two.)
- A. It starts with the two character sequence #!.
- B. It is compiled into a binary file compatible with the current machine architecture.
- C. It is located in /etc/bash/scripts/.
- D. It is located in /usr/local/scripts/.
- E. It has the executable permission bit set.
Answer: B,E
NEW QUESTION # 58
Which package management tool is used in Red Hat-based Linux Systems?
- A. apt-get
- B. portage
- C. packagectl
- D. rpm
- E. dpkg
Answer: D
Explanation:
RPM stands for RPM Package Manager (formerly known as Red Hat Package Manager), which is a powerful, command-line package management tool developed for the Red Hat operating system. It is now used as a core component in many Linux distributions such as CentOS, Fedora, Oracle Linux, openSUSE and Mageia1. RPM can install, uninstall, and query individual software packages, but it cannot manage dependency resolution like YUM2. YUM is another package management tool that is based on RPM and can handle dependencies automatically. YUM is the primary package management tool for installing, updating, removing, and managing software packages in Red Hat Enterprise Linux2. Therefore, the correct answer is B. rpm, as it is the underlying package management tool used in Red Hat-based Linux systems. Reference:
Linux package management with YUM and RPM | Enable Sysadmin
Chapter 13. Package Management Tool Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 | Red Hat Customer Portal Difference Between YUM and RPM | 2DayGeek
NEW QUESTION # 59
Which of the following commands will search for the filefoo.txtunder the directory/home?
- A. find /home -name foo.txt
- B. search /home -file foo.txt
- C. search/home foo. txt
- D. find /home foo.txt
- E. find /home - file foo.txt
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 60
Which of the following examples shows the general structure of a forloop in a shell script?
for *.txt as file => echo $file
- A. echo $i
} - B. for *.txt ( echo $i )
- C. foreach @{file} {
- D. do
echo $i
done
for ls *.txt exec {} \; - E. for file in *.txt
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 61
Which of the following commands adds the directory /new/dir/ to the PATH environment variable?
- A. PATH=/new/dir: PATH
- B. export PATH=/new/dir: $PATH
- C. $PATH=/new/dir: $PATH
- D. export $PATH=/new/dir: $PATH
- E. export PATH=/new/dir: PATH
Answer: E
Explanation:
The PATH environment variable is a colon-separated list of directories that the shell searches for commands. To add a new directory to the PATH, you need to append it to the existing value of the variable, using the syntax PATH=new/dir:PATH. However, this only changes the PATH for the current shell session. To make the change permanent, you need to use the export command, which makes the variable available to all child processes of the shell. The export command takes the name of the variable as an argument, without the dollar sign ($). Therefore, the correct command to add /new/dir/ to the PATH and export it is export PATH=/new/dir:PATH. Reference:
Linux Essentials - Linux Professional Institute (LPI)
How to set the path and environment variables in Windows - Computer Hope
NEW QUESTION # 62
Which of the following commands creates an archive filework.tarfrom the contents of the directory./ work/?
- A. tar -create work.tgz -content ./work/
- B. tar work.tar < ./work/
- C. tar --new work.tar ./work/
- D. tar work > work.tar
- E. tar -cf work.tar ./work/
Answer: E
Explanation:
Explanation
The correct command to create an archive file work.tar from the contents of the directory ./work/ is tar
-cf work.tar ./work/. This command uses the -c option to create a new archive, the -f option to specify the file name, and the ./work/ argument to indicate the source directory. The other commands are incorrect for various reasons:
* A. tar --new work.tar ./work/ is incorrect because there is no --new option in the tar command.
The correct option for creating a new archive is --create or -c.
* C. tar -create work.tgz -content ./work/ is incorrect because the -content option is not valid. The correct option for specifying the source files or directories is --files-from or -T. Also, the work.tgz file name implies compression, but the command does not use any compression option such as -z,
-j, or -J.
* D. tar work.tar < ./work/ is incorrect because the tar command does not accept input redirection from the standard input. The correct way to use the tar command is to provide the options and arguments after the command name.
* E. tar work > work.tar is incorrect because the tar command does not produce output redirection to the standard output. The correct way to use the tar command is to use the -f option to specify the output file name. References: : tar command in Linux with examples - GeeksforGeeks : tar Command in Linux With Examples | phoenixNAP KB
NEW QUESTION # 63
Which of the following permissions are set on the/tmp/directory?
- A. rwxrwS---
- B. r-xr-X--t
- C. rwxrwxrwt
- D. ------rwX
- E. rwSrw-rw-
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
The correct permissions for the /tmp directory are rwxrwxrwt, which means that the owner, group, and others have read, write, and execute permissions, and that the sticky bit is set. The sticky bit is a special permission that prevents users from deleting or renaming files that they do not own in a shared directory. The /tmp directory is used for storing temporary files that may be created by different users and processes, so it needs to be accessible and writable by all, but also protected from unauthorized deletion or modification of files. The rwxrwxrwt permissions can be set by using the chmod command with either the octal mode 1777 or the symbolic mode a+trwx. References: : [File system permissions] : [Sticky bit] : [chmod]
NEW QUESTION # 64
Which of the following commands output the content of the file Texts 2.txt? (Choose two.)
- A. cat 'Texts\ 2.txt'
- B. cat Texts\ 2.txt
- C. cat 'Texts 2.txt'
- D. cat |Texts 2.txt|
- E. cat -- Texts 2.txt
Answer: B,C
Explanation:
Explanation
The correct commands to output the content of the file Texts 2.txt are A and E. These commands use the cat command, which stands for concatenate, to display the content of one or more files. The cat command can take one or more filenames as arguments and print their content to the standard output (usually the terminal screen)12. The commands A and E use different ways to deal with the space character in the filename. The space character is a special character in Linux that separates words and commands. To prevent the shell from interpreting the space as a word separator, the commands A and E use either of the following methods34:
* Option A uses single quotes (') around the filename to preserve the literal value of the space character.
This tells the shell to treat the filename as a single argument and pass it to the cat command. For example: cat 'Texts 2.txt'
* Option E uses a backslash () before the space character to escape its special meaning. This tells the shell to ignore the space as a word separator and treat it as part of the filename. For example: cat Texts\ 2.txt The other options are incorrect because they use different syntax that do not output the content of the file. For example:
* Option B uses a double dash (-) before the filename to indicate the end of options. This is usually used to prevent the shell from interpreting a filename that starts with a dash (-) as an option. However, in this case, the filename does not start with a dash, so the double dash is unnecessary and will cause the command to fail. For example: cat - Texts 2.txt
* Option C uses vertical bars (|) around the filename to indicate a pipe. A pipe is a way of connecting the output of one command to the input of another command. However, in this case, there is no command before or after the pipe, so the pipe is meaningless and will cause the command to fail. For example: cat
|Texts 2.txt|
* Option D uses single quotes (') and a backslash () together around the filename. This is redundant and will cause the command to fail. The single quotes already preserve the literal value of the space character, so the backslash is not needed. Moreover, the backslash inside the single quotes will be treated as part of the filename, not as an escape character. For example: cat 'Texts\ 2.txt' References: 1: How to Use Linux Cat Command (With Examples) - phoenixNAP 2: Cat command in Linux with examples - GeeksforGeeks 3: How to escape spaces in path during scp copy in Linux? - Stack Overflow 4: How to handle spaces in file names when using xargs on find results? - Ask Ubuntu
NEW QUESTION # 65
A directory contains the following files:
What would be the output of the following shell script?
for file in *.txt
- A. A.txt
- B. c.cav
- C. A. txt
b. txt - D. *.txt
- E. a b
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 66
......
The LPI 010-160 (Linux Essentials Certificate Exam, version 1.6) Certification Exam is a globally recognized certification that validates the knowledge of candidates in the Linux operating system. Linux Essentials Certificate Exam - version 1.6 certification exam is designed for individuals who are interested in learning and understanding the basics of Linux and its applications. It is an entry-level certification that is suitable for beginners as well as professionals who want to enhance their Linux skills.
Lpi 010-160 (Linux Essentials Certificate Exam, version 1.6) Exam is an entry-level certification that tests a candidate's understanding of the Linux operating system. 010-160 exam is designed for individuals who are new to Linux or have limited experience with it. 010-160 exam covers topics such as command-line basics, file management, and system security. It also tests the candidate's knowledge of open source applications and their usage.
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